Bisphenol A (BPA) is an organic compound with the chemical formula (CH3)2C(C6H4OH)2. It is a colourless solid that is soluble in organic solvents, but poorly soluble in water. Having two phenol functional groups, it is used to make polycarbonate polymers and epoxy resins, along with other materials used to make plastics.
BPA is controversial because it exerts weak, but detectable, hormone-like properties, raising concerns about its presence in consumer products and foods contained in such products. Starting in 2008, several governments questioned its safety, prompting some retailers to withdraw polycarbonate products. A 2010 report from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) raised further concerns regarding exposure of fetuses, infants, and young children.In September 2010, Canada became the first country to declare BPA a toxic substance.In the European Union and Canada, BPA use is banned in baby bottles.
（大紀元記者鍾伶綜合編譯）最新一期的《環境健康透視》學術期刊報導，美國哈佛公共衛生學院研究發現，使用聚碳酸酯（polycarbonate，PC） 塑膠水壺盛裝飲料，七天後尿液檢驗發現酚甲烷（bisphenol A，簡稱BPA）濃度增加了69％，證實了聚碳酸酯製水瓶會釋放BPA。雖然美國食品藥物管理局（FDA）曾聲明，沒有足夠證據證明BPA有害人體，兩週 前，芝加哥成為美國首個禁止使用含BPA成份的塑膠瓶的城市。
BPA從1950年代以來就廣泛用於商業用途，它提供聚丙烯塑膠防碎功能，美國製造商每年的產量是20億磅，在日常用品中 十分普遍，常見於可重複使用的硬塑膠容器，包括水瓶、食物收藏罐的襯裡、水管接著劑、牙醫用的溝隙充填劑等。它耐磨防銹的特性使罐裝食品能夠保存，尤其以 湯類食品和嬰兒食品類最常看到。
近年來，越來越多的研究發現BPA可能導致人體的多種疾病，尤其是嬰兒使用的奶瓶釋放的BPA可能導致嬰孩產生荷爾蒙分泌異常及腦部發展障礙。但美國食品藥物管理局（FDA）在去年聲明，目前沒有確切的證據顯示BPA有害人體。雖然如此，許多父母已經開始改用玻璃奶瓶。
哈佛公共健康研究院的博士生卡薇（Jenny Carwile）進行一項實驗，讓77名哈佛學生在一週內完全禁止使用塑膠容器改以不銹鋼杯裝盛冷飲飲用，藉此洗淨體內留存的BPA，然後一一驗尿、記錄。
接 著發給每位學生兩個塑膠水壺讓他們盛裝日常冷飲，七天之後再驗尿。結果顯示，每位參加實驗的學生第二次尿檢時體內的BPA成分高於一般人平均水準，且比第 一次尿檢時增加了69％。由於這些學生並未改變任何生活方式，唯一的改變只是用塑膠容器盛裝飲用的液體，所以卡薇斷定體內的BPA成分應來自於PC容器所 釋出。
在動物實驗中，BPA會對生殖與腦部發育造成影響，並可能導致人類心臟疾病、糖尿病和肝臟不正常。
英國和美國的科學家團隊曾根據1,455名實驗參加者尿液中的BPA含量，將他們分為四個群組，發現BPA含量最高的組罹患心血管疾病的機會是最低組的將近3倍，得到糖尿病的機會是2.4倍。較高的BPA可能也和不正常的肝酵素濃度有關聯。
美 國辛辛納提大學藥理及細胞生物物理系的貝屈博士（Scott Belcher）與他的研究團隊發現，無論瓶子的新舊，在冷水或是溫水中，BPA的釋放量與速率都相同。但是一旦水瓶接觸了滾燙熱水，BPA的釋放速率馬 上增加為15到55倍。先前的研究也顯示，重複摩擦、刷洗與烹煮嬰兒用的聚碳酸酯瓶會釋放BPA，可見BPA能夠從各式聚碳酸酯塑膠中被釋放。
美 國國家毒理學計畫（National Toxicology Program）的一份報告中提到，BPA可能導致嬰兒和孩童腦部和荷爾蒙系統生長問題的「一些疑慮」。哈佛醫學院資深教授米雪斯（Karin B. Michels）說，嬰兒奶瓶加熱或盛裝熱水時釋出大量的BPA，極可能就是使他們內分泌不正常的元兇。
國家毒理學計劃提出一些減少接觸BPA的方法：
‧不要用微波爐加熱聚碳酸酯塑料製成的食品容器。（含有BPA的聚碳酸酯容器在底部有一個7的標誌)。
‧減少食用罐裝食品，特別是像番茄這樣可能加速BPA從塑膠罐內層濾出的酸性食物。選擇用比較安全的鋁或是聚乙烯塑料製成的容器（標示#2）。
‧改用玻璃、陶瓷或是不銹鋼容器，特別在處理熱食或液體時。
加 拿大政府於2008年禁止將BPA應用於嬰兒奶瓶，美國包括沃瑪爾商場和玩具反斗城等幾家主要的零售商，已經要求將BPA產品下架，而一些嬰兒奶瓶和運動 水瓶製造商也已經改用沒有BPA的塑膠並且強力行銷比較安全的替代品。美國麻州政府官員也考慮勸導孕婦以及青少年儘量避免BPA滲入食品對人體的危害。◇
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Just when we’re being told to quit freaking out about bisphenol-A
(BPA), a study released this month shows that BPA exposure, even in
small doses may inhibit pregnancy. In this study, researchers exposed
mice to very small amounts of BPA
while the mice were in the womb and also shortly after they were born.
Later the researchers found that these exposed mice experienced few
problems conceiving when they were young. However, as the mice aged,
they had a harder time becoming pregnant. Furthermore, the mice exposed
to BPA gave birth to smaller than average litters. Mice not exposed to BPA while in the womb or shortly after birth had fewer problems getting pregnant, no matter their age and gave birth to normal sized litters.
This study shows that perinatal exposure to BPA can lead to a decline in the reproductive capacity of female mice and the researchers conclude that the same may hold true for women. This is an important consideration since many couples are waiting to have children until they’re older and more settled. BPA exposure, even in small doses, when mixed with age, could be a deterrent to becoming pregnant. While you shouldn’t be overly alarmed if you’ve been waiting to have kids, this study is certainly food for thought. Plus, as the study shows, low level BPA exposure isn’t just bad for you, but for your own child’s future fertility as well. It’s simply best to avoid exposure to BPA when possible. For example:
From canned food to plastic bottles, Bisphenol-A seems to be cropping up everywhere, and now two new studies show that BPA crosses the placenta from pregnant mother to fetus freely. Plus, the research found that chemical transformations occur in the fetus allowing inactive BPA to be converted to the active form. Experts with Environmental Health News have grouped the studies together–one human and one rat–and say in combination, they give scientists good reason to believe that people are exposed to BPA before birth, and unfortunately, the risks to the developing fetus may be greater than previously thought. The first study published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives tested the ability of both active and inactive BPA to cross the placenta of pregnant rats. The researchers found that both forms can cross the placental barrier and once there, the inactive form, BPA-glucuronide, can become active. The second study published in the American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology used human placentas (from Cesarean section births) and simulated the BPA transfer from mother to fetus. The researchers found that 27 percent of the BPA simulated on the mother’s side transferred to the fetal side. Plus, more than 95 percent of the BPA that crossed to the fetus remained in it’s active, estrogenic form. Together, both studies provide evidence that the fetus will not be protected from BPA by the placenta. The ability of BPA to reach the fetus is incredibly worrisome since the fetus is highly sensitive to hormones. Exposure to estrogen-mimicking hormones like BPA at this early stage of development could lead to troubling issues that could crop up later during puberty or adulthood. In fact, a new study from researchers at Yale School of Medicine suggests that exposure to BPA and other endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the womb can increase breast cancer risk. But, these effects won’t appear until kids are old enough for breast cancer to surface. The study, which was published in the latest issue of Hormones and Cancer, helps to demonstrate the scary lasting effects of prenatal BPA exposure on the breast and uterus. Research shows that more than 90 percent of Americans have detectable BPA in their urine and the chemical has been found in amniotic fluid, human placenta, breast milk and fat.
Study Links BPA to Low Sperm Counts and DNA Damage
We’ve heard a lot of concerning news about the chemical Bisphenol-A, BPA, in our food supply and how it can have adverse effects on our health, especially for toddlers. A new study
raises yet another alarm over BPA — this time on the effects of sperm
count and quality. The study found a relationship between BPA levels in
urine and decreased sperm concentrations. You’re likely already
concerned about your child’s direct exposure to BPA, but now do you need
to think about your (or your husband’s) exposure, too?
The study was conducted by researchers from the Harvard and Michigan Schools of Public Health along with the Massachusetts General Hospital and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In the study published by the medical journal Reproductive Toxicology, 190 participants gave urine and sperm samples, and 78 men gave follow up samples. The results showed that 89 percent of all urine samples had detectable levels of BPA. The researchers found that samples with higher concentrations also had a correspondingly lower sperm count. Those with the highest levels of BPA had sperm counts on average 23 percent lower than those with the lowest BPA levels and highest sperm count. The study further suggested a increase of 10 percent in DNA damage resulting from elevated BPA levels. It should be stressed that the study used a relatively small sample on a short timescale. Other influences such as age, lifestyle, and location will need to be addressed in ongoing studies to confirm the results. Animal studies have had similar results, and knowing the overall risks associated with BPA, prospective parents should be very cautious with their consumption habits.
BPA Exposure In Utero May Increase Risk of Breast Cancer Later
National Breast Cancer Awareness Month is in it’s 25th year, and it’s cool to celebrate and support the cause. However, you should avoid supporting the cause via questionable products, such as pink-washed bottled water. Especially in light of a new research linking BPA (readily found in most plastic water bottles) to breast cancer. A recent study published in Molecular Endocrinology, found that bisphenol A (BPA) may alter long-term hormone response and breast development, thus increasing the risk of developing breast cancer later in life. Not good news, especially since study authors go on to say that not only is BPA one of the highest-volume chemicals produced worldwide, but also it’s been detected in the body fluids of more than 90% of the human population. This new research was conducted with mice, not humans, but evidence points to a real link between BPA and breast cancer.
The researchers, based at the Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer
Research, point out that they can’t prove that BPA causes breast
cancer, but they have shown that perinatal exposure to, “Environmentally relevant doses of BPA”
can alter an individual’s long-term hormone response, which in turn,
can increase the risk of later developing breast cancer. Just what is
an, “Environmentally relevant dose of BPA?” Well, in order to
mimic human exposure, researchers added BPA to the drinking water of
mice. The amount of BPA added to the water was the same amount typically
found in average beverages and food that are stored in BPA-laden
containers, fcanned food items
for example. After weaning, any female mice babies born from the
BPA-consuming parents were housed in a BPA-free environment. Although
moved to a safer environment, these female mice still showed an
increased response to the hormone progesterone and exhibited a 1.5 fold
increase in cell numbers in their milk ducts. Both the previous issues
are linked to an increased risk of getting breast cancer later in life.
Research just keeps on linking BPA exposure to health problems, so your best bet is to avoid BPA when possible, especially while pregnant and breastfeeding.
High Levels of BPA Found in Campbell’s and Other Canned Kids Foods
An alarming recent study has revealed the presence of BPA in popular canned food for kids, including Campbell’s Disney Princess and Toy Story Soups, which tested highest. BPA, which is present in the can’s linings and can be leeched into food, can cause serious health effects. In reaction to the findings, the Breast Cancer Fund is launching a campaign called “Cans Not Cancer,” to urge companies to eliminate BPA from their canning process. Read on to see which canned kids foods are the biggest BPA offenders.
Although we’d hope that children across America are eating fresh, whole foods, the reality is most busy parents and babysitters turn to canned foods, as time and money permits. What’s alarming is the amount of canned soups, pastas or vegetables that a child eats in a week. If each one contains BPA, that can be very dangerous to their little bodies. BPA, or bisphenol A, is an estrogenic chemical linked to breast cancer in adults. Studies suggest that repeated exposure may also cause prostate cancer, early puberty in girls, type-2 diabetes, obesity and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). What’s more, early exposure is especially dangerous to children’s developing endocrine systems. The canned foods that are of particular concern, with high levels of BPA measured in parts per billion (ppb) are:
Study Shows BPA Found in Most Canned Foods
A small study released on Tuesday found that 46 out of 50 cans tested had traces of Bisphenol A — more commonly referred to as BPA. BPA is an additive used to make shatter proof plastics, is a known endocrine disruptor and has been found in everything from baby bottles to SIGG canteens. With heightened concerns about young children and infants ingesting the chemical — endocrine disruptors can cause early puberty and developmental issues — and so many companies trading in BPA for safer plastics, why is it still in our canned food?
The study released Tuesday was conducted by a coalition of consumer
and food safety groups and tested the levels of BPA present in food held
in the containers. One can of Del Monte French Style Green Beans from a
participant’s pantry had a whopping 1,140 parts per billion. The metal
containers used for canned foods are generally lined with a light layer
of clear plastic which is the BPA culprit. Once canned the chemical
seeps into the food inside and then into our children’s bodies — and our
own. BPA is a known hormone disruptor and has been linked to various health issues including cancer, heart disease, thyroid issues and obesity.
“We should not set a place for bisphenol A at the dinner table,” said Elizabeth Hitchcock, a public health advocate for the U.S. Public Interest Research Group, at a news conference on Capitol Hill. Senator Diane Feinstein of California is a huge supporter of the BPA ban noting, “It’s amazing to me that everybody doesn’t jump quick to do this.”
Maryland, Connecticut, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Washington have
already restricted the use of BPA in baby and infant products and the US
government is working on a bill to ban BPA from food packaging.
Bisphenol A (BPA) has seemingly taken over. BPA has been found in canned food products. It’s lurking in dental fillings and baby dishes and toys. BPA has even been found in receipts. And now, even the simple act of purchasing BPA-free products has become cause for concern, because that paper money you’re using to buy said BPA-free products, well, that may contain BPA too. As a new study reports, paper currency from countries all around the world, including the United States, is the most recent culprit of BPA exposure.
The study, published in Environmental Science & Technology (ES&T) shows
that paper currency collected from several different countries,
including the United States, Canada, Czech Republic, Russia, Turkey,
Australia, Brazil, Egypt, South Africa, China, India, Japan, Korea,
Kuwait, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam and the
United Arab Emirates contain varying levels of BPA. In some cases, paper
money contained almost no BPA, but in other cases BPA levels were
extremely high (almost 83 µg/g). Older bills from some countries
(including the United States) were a particular problem. Older money,
when tested, contained significantly and constantly higher levels of BPA
than newer bills. According to the research, it’s not entirely clear
how BPA is contaminating paper currency, but researchers guess that
money may be tainted when it rubs against paper receipts kept in the
same wallet. Or it could be that inks and recycled paper already
containing BPA were used to manufacture the cash. Another theory is that
paper money may be accumulating BPA after years of circulation, and
thus, years of exposure to other BPA tainted products.
Since BPA is easily absorbed through the skin, overly man-handled cash is possibly more problematic than some other products containing BPA. Because BPA has been linked to breastfeeding problems, autism, low birth-weights
and more health issues, you’d be wise to avoid it when possible. Yet,
it’s unlikely that cash is going away anytime soon, so beyond the
difficult prospect of avoiding paper money altogether, or freaking out
and moving to a cave, you can avoid BPA exposure in other ways.
+ Source: Environmental Health News
It’s official, we’re now 100% over-exposed to endocrine-disrupting bisphenol A (BPA). We already know about BPA in canned food products, water bottles, baby bottle, toys and other plastic products and now, a new study by John C. Warner, confirms that BPA can also be found in paper. Paper? Yup – BPA in paper is just one more thing for parents to think about. Super.
Unfortunately, study researchers don’t know how much BPA from a tainted receipt may transfer to the skin and body. The researchers are studying the following possible routes of exposure:
The best way to stay healthy is to limit your family’s overall BPA exposure. It’s most important to limit your exposure to the most common products containing BPA. For example, purchase fresh food, not canned food products. Buy BPA-free baby bottles for your baby and BPA-free reusable water bottles for everyone else in the family. You can also find plenty of BPA-free toys and BPA-free toothbrushes.
Campbell’s Soup was just one of many companies to come under attack last year due to reports of higher than average bisphenol A (BPA) amounts found within their soup cans. Campbell’s Soup, a product that’s highly marketed to kids, has packaged their soup in cans containing high levels of BPA over the years, but now the popular soup company says, no more BPA in their soup! Thanks in part to a massive Cans Not Cancer campaign launched by the Breast Cancer Fund, the Campbell company has apparently announced to shareholders that it will phase out the use of the toxic chemical BPA in its can linings. In the last six months, more than 70,000 letters were sent to Campbell’s by supporters of the Cans Not Cancer campaign—including nearly 20,000 from the non-profit Healthy Child Healthy World.
Exposure to BPA, is a well-documented health issue. BPA, a material used to make the epoxy-resin linings of metal food cans for all sorts of products, has been linked in lab studies to breast and prostate cancer, infertility, early puberty in girls, type-2 diabetes, obesity, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and more. BPA exposure in children presents a unique risk, as children are affected during development when their hormonal systems are trying to develop correctly, not incorrectly due to chemical exposure. Forbes reports that Campbell’s Chief Financial Officer Craig Owens says that the shift to BPA-free cans had already begun, noting, “We recognize that there is some debate over the use of BPA,” but goes on to say that “The trust that we’ve earned from our consumers for over 140 years is paramount to us. Because of this we’ve already started using alternatives to BPA in some of our soup packaging. And we’re working to phase out the use of BPA in the lining of all of our canned products.“ Unfortunately, the company has not provided a timeline or as of yet been able to identify what alternative can-lining materials it will use. Hopefully the Campbell’s Soup company will act faster than the FDA. You can help by avoiding Campbell’s until they make good on this important promise.
法國國民議會6月23日投票通過一項法案，禁止生産和銷售含有BPA（雙酚基丙烷）的嬰兒奶瓶，但該法案尚不涉及其他塑料制品。法國健康産品衛生安全局援引相關研究成果稱，含有BPA的奶瓶存在健康安全隱患。此前，法國一些城市的幼兒園已開始禁用此類奶瓶。
對此，北京市塑料制品質量監督檢驗站朱女士卻表示：“根據我國的食品容器、包裝材料聚碳酸酯成型品衛生標準，PC容器裏的BPA含量微乎其微，溶出量不大于0.05mg/kg，而且這是一種高分子材料，結構非常致密，很難釋放出來。”
BPA到底有沒有危害？
BPA又稱雙酚A，是一種化工原料，在工業上用來合成聚碳酸酯和環氧樹脂等材料。聚碳酸酯（PC）是一種透明的硬塑料，常用于制造嬰兒奶瓶的瓶體。而環氧樹脂則常被用作金屬容器——比如嬰兒奶粉罐的襯裏。這些塑料與食品直接接觸，其安全性自然會引起關注。
事實上，美國凱斯西部保留地大學醫學院的帕特裏夏‧亨特博士早在2003年就研究發現，在對實驗鼠進行的實驗中BPA可導致其染色體異常等病變，並就此向消費者發出警告。但這一結論在當時遭到了生産廠家的一致否認，科學界也有一些不同看法。
近年來，陸續又有研究發現BPA可能導致更多的健康威脅，包括諸如導致內分泌紊亂、可能誘發少女早熟、造成學習能力下降、肥胖、生殖健康風 險等。甚至有動物實驗顯示，BPA與猴子大腦功能失常和情緒紊亂有關，還可能與乳腺、前列腺及生殖係統疾病有關，甚至會誘發某些癌症。
中國科學院生態環境研究中心周益奇博士介紹説：“BPA 既具有雌激素特性，又可幹擾雄性生殖活動的某些機制，是一種潛在的危害很大的化學物質。其弱雌激素特性和抗雄性激素效應均在實驗室動物實驗中得到證實。”
而北京市塑料制品質量監督檢驗站朱女士則認為：“所有證明BPA有毒的都只是動物實驗，還沒有人體實驗證實這一結論。每年有數以萬噸計的 PC制品被生産出來，那些生産工人天天接觸，也沒有BPA中毒的，我們做塑料制品檢測的，也天天在接觸這些材料，都沒有中毒，老百姓日常使用中很難會因此 中毒。”
塑料奶瓶仍穩佔市場
在北京市翠微路附近的一家孕嬰用品專門店，記者發現，貝親、新安怡、麗兒寶、利其爾等進口品牌的奶瓶明顯佔據著上風。他們各自設有專櫃，奶瓶品種數量繁多。價格則從六七十元到上百元不等。
據店員介紹，店內塑料奶瓶數量達到了6成左右，進口品牌非常熱銷，由于目前並沒有接到什麼通知，所以如常銷售。很多産品都是口碑相傳，消費 者一進店就指定買某個品牌的奶瓶。盡管店員也有聽説顧客害怕塑料瓶有毒，但眾多奶瓶標簽明確注明“耐高溫，120℃以下使用安全”“允許蒸汽消毒”等字 樣。
有專家指出，識別是否是含有BPA的塑料制品，可以看瓶身或者塑料制品的底部是否有一個三角形的環保回收標志，如果三角形中的數字是7的 話，就一定含有BPA。但記者在易初蓮花超市發現，這裏無論是奶瓶、水杯，還是喂藥器，絕大多數都是塑料瓶，並且這些塑料奶瓶和水杯的瓶身上都沒有任何標 識，只是紙質標簽上都注明材料為PC（聚碳酸酯），可以煮沸消毒。
周益奇表示：“BPA是生産環氧樹脂、聚碳酸酯等高分子材料的主要原料，在日常生活中，可能含有這一物質的常用塑料用品有塑料水杯、塑料盆 等。BPA在水裏有一定的溶解度，用塑料制品裝水時有一定的溶出，尤其是酸性水，比如醋。在不清楚塑料容器是否含有BPA時，盡量不要用其裝食品，也不要 裝醋，尤其不要用其盛裝嬰兒食品，不要作為加熱器具。”
朱女士表示：“現在市場上絕大多數塑料容器都是PC制品，進口品牌的奶瓶也90%以上是PC材料，因為PC材料相對于PET、聚乙烯而言，透明度高、強度好，是很好的耐高溫材料，但PC材料裏面肯定就含有BPA，但含量極少，很難釋出。”
玻璃奶瓶危害小
在上世紀七八十年代，人們喂養嬰兒主要用的是玻璃奶瓶。從材質安全性而言，玻璃奶瓶雖然較塑料奶瓶無毒，但在使用中危險性較高，一旦瓶子被摔碎，玻璃碎渣和瓶中溫度較高的奶汁，都可能對嬰兒造成嚴重的傷害。因此，近年來，國際上普遍流行的還是塑料奶瓶。
然而，面對塑料奶瓶的BPA隱患，北京市東四婦産醫院兒科主治醫師付小青建議家長盡量用玻璃奶瓶，用塑料奶瓶的話，給奶瓶消毒時溫度不要超 過100℃，要用專門的消毒鍋。有的家長習慣用蒸鍋給奶瓶消毒，但蒸鍋的溫度超過了100℃，此時PC奶瓶中的BPA會溶出更多，因此不宜用蒸鍋消毒。
江蘇省大豐市第二人民醫院婦産科副主任朱海琴表示：“選擇奶瓶的首要原則是奶瓶的材質要安全無毒，盡量選用玻璃奶瓶，雖然不夠輕巧，但是可以反復消毒，放心使用。塑料奶瓶雖然輕巧、方便攜帶，但經受反復消毒後‘耐力’就不如玻璃制品了。”
事實上，現在已經有不少年輕的媽媽開始重新使用玻璃奶瓶，認為“只有用質量可靠的玻璃奶瓶才比較放心”。家住北京市朝陽區常營的李淼女士的 孩子還不滿1歲，她説：“玻璃奶瓶和塑料奶瓶我都用，但是塑料奶瓶只有在出門玩耍時，給寶寶喂溫水喝。平時在家喝水喝奶都還是用玻璃奶瓶。”
BPA is controversial because it exerts weak, but detectable, hormone-like properties, raising concerns about its presence in consumer products and foods contained in such products. Starting in 2008, several governments questioned its safety, prompting some retailers to withdraw polycarbonate products. A 2010 report from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) raised further concerns regarding exposure of fetuses, infants, and young children.In September 2010, Canada became the first country to declare BPA a toxic substance.In the European Union and Canada, BPA use is banned in baby bottles.
| Bisphenol A | |
|---|---|
 |
|
 |
|
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 80-05-7  |
| PubChem | 6623 |
| ChemSpider | 6371 |
| UNII | MLT3645I99 |
| EC number | 201-245-8 |
| UN number | 2430 |
| DrugBank | DB06973 |
| KEGG | C13624 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:33216 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL418971 |
| RTECS number | SL6300000 |
| Jmol-3D images | Image 1 Image 2 |
| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | C15H16O2 |
| Molar mass | 228.29 g mol−1 |
| Appearance | White solid |
| Density | 1.20 g/cm³ |
| Melting point | 158-159 °C, 431-432 K, 316-318 °F |
| Boiling point | 220 °C, 493 K, 428 °F (4 mmHg) |
| Solubility in water | 120–300 ppm (21.5 °C) |
| Hazards | |
| R-phrases | R36 R37 R38 R43 |
| S-phrases | S24 S26 S37 |
| NFPA 704 | 
0
3
0
|
| Flash point | 227 °C (441 °F) |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds | phenols Bisphenol S |
 (verify) (what is:  / ?)Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) | |
（大紀元記者鍾伶綜合編譯）最新一期的《環境健康透視》學術期刊報導，美國哈佛公共衛生學院研究發現，使用聚碳酸酯（polycarbonate，PC） 塑膠水壺盛裝飲料，七天後尿液檢驗發現酚甲烷（bisphenol A，簡稱BPA）濃度增加了69％，證實了聚碳酸酯製水瓶會釋放BPA。雖然美國食品藥物管理局（FDA）曾聲明，沒有足夠證據證明BPA有害人體，兩週 前，芝加哥成為美國首個禁止使用含BPA成份的塑膠瓶的城市。
BPA從1950年代以來就廣泛用於商業用途，它提供聚丙烯塑膠防碎功能，美國製造商每年的產量是20億磅，在日常用品中 十分普遍，常見於可重複使用的硬塑膠容器，包括水瓶、食物收藏罐的襯裡、水管接著劑、牙醫用的溝隙充填劑等。它耐磨防銹的特性使罐裝食品能夠保存，尤其以 湯類食品和嬰兒食品類最常看到。
近年來，越來越多的研究發現BPA可能導致人體的多種疾病，尤其是嬰兒使用的奶瓶釋放的BPA可能導致嬰孩產生荷爾蒙分泌異常及腦部發展障礙。但美國食品藥物管理局（FDA）在去年聲明，目前沒有確切的證據顯示BPA有害人體。雖然如此，許多父母已經開始改用玻璃奶瓶。
哈佛公共健康研究院的博士生卡薇（Jenny Carwile）進行一項實驗，讓77名哈佛學生在一週內完全禁止使用塑膠容器改以不銹鋼杯裝盛冷飲飲用，藉此洗淨體內留存的BPA，然後一一驗尿、記錄。
接 著發給每位學生兩個塑膠水壺讓他們盛裝日常冷飲，七天之後再驗尿。結果顯示，每位參加實驗的學生第二次尿檢時體內的BPA成分高於一般人平均水準，且比第 一次尿檢時增加了69％。由於這些學生並未改變任何生活方式，唯一的改變只是用塑膠容器盛裝飲用的液體，所以卡薇斷定體內的BPA成分應來自於PC容器所 釋出。
在動物實驗中，BPA會對生殖與腦部發育造成影響，並可能導致人類心臟疾病、糖尿病和肝臟不正常。
英國和美國的科學家團隊曾根據1,455名實驗參加者尿液中的BPA含量，將他們分為四個群組，發現BPA含量最高的組罹患心血管疾病的機會是最低組的將近3倍，得到糖尿病的機會是2.4倍。較高的BPA可能也和不正常的肝酵素濃度有關聯。
美 國辛辛納提大學藥理及細胞生物物理系的貝屈博士（Scott Belcher）與他的研究團隊發現，無論瓶子的新舊，在冷水或是溫水中，BPA的釋放量與速率都相同。但是一旦水瓶接觸了滾燙熱水，BPA的釋放速率馬 上增加為15到55倍。先前的研究也顯示，重複摩擦、刷洗與烹煮嬰兒用的聚碳酸酯瓶會釋放BPA，可見BPA能夠從各式聚碳酸酯塑膠中被釋放。
美 國國家毒理學計畫（National Toxicology Program）的一份報告中提到，BPA可能導致嬰兒和孩童腦部和荷爾蒙系統生長問題的「一些疑慮」。哈佛醫學院資深教授米雪斯（Karin B. Michels）說，嬰兒奶瓶加熱或盛裝熱水時釋出大量的BPA，極可能就是使他們內分泌不正常的元兇。
國家毒理學計劃提出一些減少接觸BPA的方法：
‧不要用微波爐加熱聚碳酸酯塑料製成的食品容器。（含有BPA的聚碳酸酯容器在底部有一個7的標誌)。
‧減少食用罐裝食品，特別是像番茄這樣可能加速BPA從塑膠罐內層濾出的酸性食物。選擇用比較安全的鋁或是聚乙烯塑料製成的容器（標示#2）。
‧改用玻璃、陶瓷或是不銹鋼容器，特別在處理熱食或液體時。
加 拿大政府於2008年禁止將BPA應用於嬰兒奶瓶，美國包括沃瑪爾商場和玩具反斗城等幾家主要的零售商，已經要求將BPA產品下架，而一些嬰兒奶瓶和運動 水瓶製造商也已經改用沒有BPA的塑膠並且強力行銷比較安全的替代品。美國麻州政府官員也考慮勸導孕婦以及青少年儘量避免BPA滲入食品對人體的危害。◇
(http://www.dajiyuan.com)
NEW STUDY: BPA Exposure May Impact Reproductive Capacity
Just when we’re being told to quit freaking out about bisphenol-A
(BPA), a study released this month shows that BPA exposure, even in
small doses may inhibit pregnancy. In this study, researchers exposed
mice to very small amounts of BPA
while the mice were in the womb and also shortly after they were born.
Later the researchers found that these exposed mice experienced few
problems conceiving when they were young. However, as the mice aged,
they had a harder time becoming pregnant. Furthermore, the mice exposed
to BPA gave birth to smaller than average litters. Mice not exposed to BPA while in the womb or shortly after birth had fewer problems getting pregnant, no matter their age and gave birth to normal sized litters.
This study shows that perinatal exposure to BPA can lead to a decline in the reproductive capacity of female mice and the researchers conclude that the same may hold true for women. This is an important consideration since many couples are waiting to have children until they’re older and more settled. BPA exposure, even in small doses, when mixed with age, could be a deterrent to becoming pregnant. While you shouldn’t be overly alarmed if you’ve been waiting to have kids, this study is certainly food for thought. Plus, as the study shows, low level BPA exposure isn’t just bad for you, but for your own child’s future fertility as well. It’s simply best to avoid exposure to BPA when possible. For example:
- Wash up after handling receipts.
- Use BPA-free water bottles.
- Buy BPA-free toys.
- Look for BPA-free baby bottles and BPA-free toddler dishes.
- Avoid canned foods – eat fresh or frozen instead.
- Use plastic-free food storage.
New Studies Prove BPA Can Cross the Placenta From Mom to Fetus
From canned food to plastic bottles, Bisphenol-A seems to be cropping up everywhere, and now two new studies show that BPA crosses the placenta from pregnant mother to fetus freely. Plus, the research found that chemical transformations occur in the fetus allowing inactive BPA to be converted to the active form. Experts with Environmental Health News have grouped the studies together–one human and one rat–and say in combination, they give scientists good reason to believe that people are exposed to BPA before birth, and unfortunately, the risks to the developing fetus may be greater than previously thought. The first study published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives tested the ability of both active and inactive BPA to cross the placenta of pregnant rats. The researchers found that both forms can cross the placental barrier and once there, the inactive form, BPA-glucuronide, can become active. The second study published in the American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology used human placentas (from Cesarean section births) and simulated the BPA transfer from mother to fetus. The researchers found that 27 percent of the BPA simulated on the mother’s side transferred to the fetal side. Plus, more than 95 percent of the BPA that crossed to the fetus remained in it’s active, estrogenic form. Together, both studies provide evidence that the fetus will not be protected from BPA by the placenta. The ability of BPA to reach the fetus is incredibly worrisome since the fetus is highly sensitive to hormones. Exposure to estrogen-mimicking hormones like BPA at this early stage of development could lead to troubling issues that could crop up later during puberty or adulthood. In fact, a new study from researchers at Yale School of Medicine suggests that exposure to BPA and other endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the womb can increase breast cancer risk. But, these effects won’t appear until kids are old enough for breast cancer to surface. The study, which was published in the latest issue of Hormones and Cancer, helps to demonstrate the scary lasting effects of prenatal BPA exposure on the breast and uterus. Research shows that more than 90 percent of Americans have detectable BPA in their urine and the chemical has been found in amniotic fluid, human placenta, breast milk and fat.
Study Links BPA to Low Sperm Counts and DNA Damage
We’ve heard a lot of concerning news about the chemical Bisphenol-A, BPA, in our food supply and how it can have adverse effects on our health, especially for toddlers. A new study
raises yet another alarm over BPA — this time on the effects of sperm
count and quality. The study found a relationship between BPA levels in
urine and decreased sperm concentrations. You’re likely already
concerned about your child’s direct exposure to BPA, but now do you need
to think about your (or your husband’s) exposure, too?
The study was conducted by researchers from the Harvard and Michigan Schools of Public Health along with the Massachusetts General Hospital and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In the study published by the medical journal Reproductive Toxicology, 190 participants gave urine and sperm samples, and 78 men gave follow up samples. The results showed that 89 percent of all urine samples had detectable levels of BPA. The researchers found that samples with higher concentrations also had a correspondingly lower sperm count. Those with the highest levels of BPA had sperm counts on average 23 percent lower than those with the lowest BPA levels and highest sperm count. The study further suggested a increase of 10 percent in DNA damage resulting from elevated BPA levels. It should be stressed that the study used a relatively small sample on a short timescale. Other influences such as age, lifestyle, and location will need to be addressed in ongoing studies to confirm the results. Animal studies have had similar results, and knowing the overall risks associated with BPA, prospective parents should be very cautious with their consumption habits.
What You Can Do
You’ve probably thrown out (or better yet, recycled) your plastic refillable water bottles and unsafe resusable water bottles already. You can also greatly reduce your exposure to BPA by avoiding canned foods and food that comes in in No 7 and No 3 plastics. While we certainly hope that the FDA sees the writing on the wall and has an outright ban of Bisphenol A for all food grade items and children’s products, until then, parents may want to take extreme caution during inception and the early years of their child development.BPA Exposure In Utero May Increase Risk of Breast Cancer Later
National Breast Cancer Awareness Month is in it’s 25th year, and it’s cool to celebrate and support the cause. However, you should avoid supporting the cause via questionable products, such as pink-washed bottled water. Especially in light of a new research linking BPA (readily found in most plastic water bottles) to breast cancer. A recent study published in Molecular Endocrinology, found that bisphenol A (BPA) may alter long-term hormone response and breast development, thus increasing the risk of developing breast cancer later in life. Not good news, especially since study authors go on to say that not only is BPA one of the highest-volume chemicals produced worldwide, but also it’s been detected in the body fluids of more than 90% of the human population. This new research was conducted with mice, not humans, but evidence points to a real link between BPA and breast cancer.
Photo © Flickr user Andrea_44
High Levels of BPA Found in Campbell’s and Other Canned Kids Foods
An alarming recent study has revealed the presence of BPA in popular canned food for kids, including Campbell’s Disney Princess and Toy Story Soups, which tested highest. BPA, which is present in the can’s linings and can be leeched into food, can cause serious health effects. In reaction to the findings, the Breast Cancer Fund is launching a campaign called “Cans Not Cancer,” to urge companies to eliminate BPA from their canning process. Read on to see which canned kids foods are the biggest BPA offenders.
Although we’d hope that children across America are eating fresh, whole foods, the reality is most busy parents and babysitters turn to canned foods, as time and money permits. What’s alarming is the amount of canned soups, pastas or vegetables that a child eats in a week. If each one contains BPA, that can be very dangerous to their little bodies. BPA, or bisphenol A, is an estrogenic chemical linked to breast cancer in adults. Studies suggest that repeated exposure may also cause prostate cancer, early puberty in girls, type-2 diabetes, obesity and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). What’s more, early exposure is especially dangerous to children’s developing endocrine systems. The canned foods that are of particular concern, with high levels of BPA measured in parts per billion (ppb) are:
- Campbell’s Disney Princess Cool Shapes, Shaped Pasta with Chicken in Chicken Broth 114 ppb
- Campbell’s Toy Story Fun Shapes, Shaped Pasta with Chicken in Chicken Broth 81 ppb
- Earth’s Best Organic Elmo Noodlemania Soup, USDA Organic 38 ppb
- Annie’s Homegrown Cheesy Ravioli, USDA Organic 31 ppb
- Chef Boyardee Whole Grain Pasta,
- Mini ABC’s & 123′s with Meatballs 20 ppb
- Campbell’s Spaghettios with Meatballs 13 ppb
Study Shows BPA Found in Most Canned Foods
A small study released on Tuesday found that 46 out of 50 cans tested had traces of Bisphenol A — more commonly referred to as BPA. BPA is an additive used to make shatter proof plastics, is a known endocrine disruptor and has been found in everything from baby bottles to SIGG canteens. With heightened concerns about young children and infants ingesting the chemical — endocrine disruptors can cause early puberty and developmental issues — and so many companies trading in BPA for safer plastics, why is it still in our canned food?
The study released Tuesday was conducted by a coalition of consumer
and food safety groups and tested the levels of BPA present in food held
in the containers. One can of Del Monte French Style Green Beans from a
participant’s pantry had a whopping 1,140 parts per billion. The metal
containers used for canned foods are generally lined with a light layer
of clear plastic which is the BPA culprit. Once canned the chemical
seeps into the food inside and then into our children’s bodies — and our
own. BPA is a known hormone disruptor and has been linked to various health issues including cancer, heart disease, thyroid issues and obesity.
“We should not set a place for bisphenol A at the dinner table,” said Elizabeth Hitchcock, a public health advocate for the U.S. Public Interest Research Group, at a news conference on Capitol Hill. Senator Diane Feinstein of California is a huge supporter of the BPA ban noting, “It’s amazing to me that everybody doesn’t jump quick to do this.”
Maryland, Connecticut, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Washington have
already restricted the use of BPA in baby and infant products and the US
government is working on a bill to ban BPA from food packaging.
Bisphenol A (BPA) has seemingly taken over. BPA has been found in canned food products. It’s lurking in dental fillings and baby dishes and toys. BPA has even been found in receipts. And now, even the simple act of purchasing BPA-free products has become cause for concern, because that paper money you’re using to buy said BPA-free products, well, that may contain BPA too. As a new study reports, paper currency from countries all around the world, including the United States, is the most recent culprit of BPA exposure.
Photo ©cohdra via Morguefile
Photo ©Alvimann via Morguefile
- If your job requires money handling, be sure to wash your hands often, especially before you prepare or eat food.
- Keep money in one pocket of your wallet and paper receipts in another.
- If your kids want to play with money, consider wooden play money over real paper money.
- Avoid BPA in other products. For example, avoid foods that are packaged in plastics and cans. It’s easy to find BPA-free reusable water bottles, BPA-free toys and BPA-free toothbrushes too.
+ Source: Environmental Health News
It’s official, we’re now 100% over-exposed to endocrine-disrupting bisphenol A (BPA). We already know about BPA in canned food products, water bottles, baby bottle, toys and other plastic products and now, a new study by John C. Warner, confirms that BPA can also be found in paper. Paper? Yup – BPA in paper is just one more thing for parents to think about. Super.
The new BPA paper report, published July 28 in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, comes just after the Environmental Working Group (EWG) released their research report about finding BPA in 40% of 36 printed receipts.
The receipts that EWG tested were collected from fast food restaurants,
big retailers, grocery stores, gas stations and post offices in seven
states and the District of Columbia.
According to EWG, paper receipts containing BPA were collected from McDonald’s, CVS, KFC, Whole Foods, Walmart, Safeway and the U.S. Postal Service. The Missouri scientists employed by EWG found that “The total mass of BPA on a receipt is 250 to 1,000 times greater than the amount of BPA typically found in a can of food or a can of baby formula, or that which leaches from a BPA-based plastic baby bottle into its contents.”
According to EWG, paper receipts containing BPA were collected from McDonald’s, CVS, KFC, Whole Foods, Walmart, Safeway and the U.S. Postal Service. The Missouri scientists employed by EWG found that “The total mass of BPA on a receipt is 250 to 1,000 times greater than the amount of BPA typically found in a can of food or a can of baby formula, or that which leaches from a BPA-based plastic baby bottle into its contents.”
Unfortunately, study researchers don’t know how much BPA from a tainted receipt may transfer to the skin and body. The researchers are studying the following possible routes of exposure:
- Oral exposure: This is when BPA may move from a paper receipt, to your fingers, then into food or directly to your mouth.
- Dermal exposure: This is when BPA from paper receipts may be directly absorbed through the skin into the body.
Before you panic…
How worried should you be? Is it time to stop shopping, lock up the kids and stay inside forever? Of course not. The fact that BPA has been found in paper shows that BPA is prevalent in the United States, and yes, BPA and other toxins aren’t great for human health, but there’s no reason to panic. BPA on a mass level is nothing new. For example:- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have found BPA in the bodies of 93% of Americans over age 6.
- In a past study, EWG found BPA in the cord blood of U.S. infants.
What You Can Do
Still, it’s smart to play it safe. To avoid BPA in paper receipts follow these tips from the EWG:- The paper found to contain BPA was thermally treated. You can figure out if paper is thermal by rubbing it with a coin. Thermal paper discolors with the friction; conventional paper does not.
- Minimize receipt collection by declining receipts at gas pumps, ATMs and other machines when possible.
- Keep paper receipts separate from other items in your wallet or purse.
- Don’t allow kids to hold or play with receipts.
- After handling a receipt, wash your hands before preparing food – hopefully you’re doing this anyway!
The best way to stay healthy is to limit your family’s overall BPA exposure. It’s most important to limit your exposure to the most common products containing BPA. For example, purchase fresh food, not canned food products. Buy BPA-free baby bottles for your baby and BPA-free reusable water bottles for everyone else in the family. You can also find plenty of BPA-free toys and BPA-free toothbrushes.
Breaking News: Campbell’s Soup Pledges to Phase Out BPA Lined Cans
Campbell’s Soup was just one of many companies to come under attack last year due to reports of higher than average bisphenol A (BPA) amounts found within their soup cans. Campbell’s Soup, a product that’s highly marketed to kids, has packaged their soup in cans containing high levels of BPA over the years, but now the popular soup company says, no more BPA in their soup! Thanks in part to a massive Cans Not Cancer campaign launched by the Breast Cancer Fund, the Campbell company has apparently announced to shareholders that it will phase out the use of the toxic chemical BPA in its can linings. In the last six months, more than 70,000 letters were sent to Campbell’s by supporters of the Cans Not Cancer campaign—including nearly 20,000 from the non-profit Healthy Child Healthy World.
Exposure to BPA, is a well-documented health issue. BPA, a material used to make the epoxy-resin linings of metal food cans for all sorts of products, has been linked in lab studies to breast and prostate cancer, infertility, early puberty in girls, type-2 diabetes, obesity, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and more. BPA exposure in children presents a unique risk, as children are affected during development when their hormonal systems are trying to develop correctly, not incorrectly due to chemical exposure. Forbes reports that Campbell’s Chief Financial Officer Craig Owens says that the shift to BPA-free cans had already begun, noting, “We recognize that there is some debate over the use of BPA,” but goes on to say that “The trust that we’ve earned from our consumers for over 140 years is paramount to us. Because of this we’ve already started using alternatives to BPA in some of our soup packaging. And we’re working to phase out the use of BPA in the lining of all of our canned products.“ Unfortunately, the company has not provided a timeline or as of yet been able to identify what alternative can-lining materials it will use. Hopefully the Campbell’s Soup company will act faster than the FDA. You can help by avoiding Campbell’s until they make good on this important promise.
法國國民議會6月23日投票通過一項法案，禁止生産和銷售含有BPA（雙酚基丙烷）的嬰兒奶瓶，但該法案尚不涉及其他塑料制品。法國健康産品衛生安全局援引相關研究成果稱，含有BPA的奶瓶存在健康安全隱患。此前，法國一些城市的幼兒園已開始禁用此類奶瓶。
對此，北京市塑料制品質量監督檢驗站朱女士卻表示：“根據我國的食品容器、包裝材料聚碳酸酯成型品衛生標準，PC容器裏的BPA含量微乎其微，溶出量不大于0.05mg/kg，而且這是一種高分子材料，結構非常致密，很難釋放出來。”
BPA到底有沒有危害？
BPA又稱雙酚A，是一種化工原料，在工業上用來合成聚碳酸酯和環氧樹脂等材料。聚碳酸酯（PC）是一種透明的硬塑料，常用于制造嬰兒奶瓶的瓶體。而環氧樹脂則常被用作金屬容器——比如嬰兒奶粉罐的襯裏。這些塑料與食品直接接觸，其安全性自然會引起關注。
事實上，美國凱斯西部保留地大學醫學院的帕特裏夏‧亨特博士早在2003年就研究發現，在對實驗鼠進行的實驗中BPA可導致其染色體異常等病變，並就此向消費者發出警告。但這一結論在當時遭到了生産廠家的一致否認，科學界也有一些不同看法。
近年來，陸續又有研究發現BPA可能導致更多的健康威脅，包括諸如導致內分泌紊亂、可能誘發少女早熟、造成學習能力下降、肥胖、生殖健康風 險等。甚至有動物實驗顯示，BPA與猴子大腦功能失常和情緒紊亂有關，還可能與乳腺、前列腺及生殖係統疾病有關，甚至會誘發某些癌症。
中國科學院生態環境研究中心周益奇博士介紹説：“BPA 既具有雌激素特性，又可幹擾雄性生殖活動的某些機制，是一種潛在的危害很大的化學物質。其弱雌激素特性和抗雄性激素效應均在實驗室動物實驗中得到證實。”
而北京市塑料制品質量監督檢驗站朱女士則認為：“所有證明BPA有毒的都只是動物實驗，還沒有人體實驗證實這一結論。每年有數以萬噸計的 PC制品被生産出來，那些生産工人天天接觸，也沒有BPA中毒的，我們做塑料制品檢測的，也天天在接觸這些材料，都沒有中毒，老百姓日常使用中很難會因此 中毒。”
塑料奶瓶仍穩佔市場
在北京市翠微路附近的一家孕嬰用品專門店，記者發現，貝親、新安怡、麗兒寶、利其爾等進口品牌的奶瓶明顯佔據著上風。他們各自設有專櫃，奶瓶品種數量繁多。價格則從六七十元到上百元不等。
據店員介紹，店內塑料奶瓶數量達到了6成左右，進口品牌非常熱銷，由于目前並沒有接到什麼通知，所以如常銷售。很多産品都是口碑相傳，消費 者一進店就指定買某個品牌的奶瓶。盡管店員也有聽説顧客害怕塑料瓶有毒，但眾多奶瓶標簽明確注明“耐高溫，120℃以下使用安全”“允許蒸汽消毒”等字 樣。
有專家指出，識別是否是含有BPA的塑料制品，可以看瓶身或者塑料制品的底部是否有一個三角形的環保回收標志，如果三角形中的數字是7的 話，就一定含有BPA。但記者在易初蓮花超市發現，這裏無論是奶瓶、水杯，還是喂藥器，絕大多數都是塑料瓶，並且這些塑料奶瓶和水杯的瓶身上都沒有任何標 識，只是紙質標簽上都注明材料為PC（聚碳酸酯），可以煮沸消毒。
周益奇表示：“BPA是生産環氧樹脂、聚碳酸酯等高分子材料的主要原料，在日常生活中，可能含有這一物質的常用塑料用品有塑料水杯、塑料盆 等。BPA在水裏有一定的溶解度，用塑料制品裝水時有一定的溶出，尤其是酸性水，比如醋。在不清楚塑料容器是否含有BPA時，盡量不要用其裝食品，也不要 裝醋，尤其不要用其盛裝嬰兒食品，不要作為加熱器具。”
朱女士表示：“現在市場上絕大多數塑料容器都是PC制品，進口品牌的奶瓶也90%以上是PC材料，因為PC材料相對于PET、聚乙烯而言，透明度高、強度好，是很好的耐高溫材料，但PC材料裏面肯定就含有BPA，但含量極少，很難釋出。”
玻璃奶瓶危害小
在上世紀七八十年代，人們喂養嬰兒主要用的是玻璃奶瓶。從材質安全性而言，玻璃奶瓶雖然較塑料奶瓶無毒，但在使用中危險性較高，一旦瓶子被摔碎，玻璃碎渣和瓶中溫度較高的奶汁，都可能對嬰兒造成嚴重的傷害。因此，近年來，國際上普遍流行的還是塑料奶瓶。
然而，面對塑料奶瓶的BPA隱患，北京市東四婦産醫院兒科主治醫師付小青建議家長盡量用玻璃奶瓶，用塑料奶瓶的話，給奶瓶消毒時溫度不要超 過100℃，要用專門的消毒鍋。有的家長習慣用蒸鍋給奶瓶消毒，但蒸鍋的溫度超過了100℃，此時PC奶瓶中的BPA會溶出更多，因此不宜用蒸鍋消毒。
江蘇省大豐市第二人民醫院婦産科副主任朱海琴表示：“選擇奶瓶的首要原則是奶瓶的材質要安全無毒，盡量選用玻璃奶瓶，雖然不夠輕巧，但是可以反復消毒，放心使用。塑料奶瓶雖然輕巧、方便攜帶，但經受反復消毒後‘耐力’就不如玻璃制品了。”
事實上，現在已經有不少年輕的媽媽開始重新使用玻璃奶瓶，認為“只有用質量可靠的玻璃奶瓶才比較放心”。家住北京市朝陽區常營的李淼女士的 孩子還不滿1歲，她説：“玻璃奶瓶和塑料奶瓶我都用，但是塑料奶瓶只有在出門玩耍時，給寶寶喂溫水喝。平時在家喝水喝奶都還是用玻璃奶瓶。”
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